Wah Academia Journal of Health and Nutrition
type: channel
description: Wah Academia Journal of Health and Nutrition (WAJHN) is a premier, peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in health, nutrition, and related sciences. As part of the prestigious Wah Academia Journal family, WAJHN serves as a platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to share cutting-edge insights, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and drive innovation in the global health landscape. At WAJHN, we are committed to: Publishing high-quality, evidence-based research articles, reviews, and case studies. Promoting understanding of health and nutrition challenges through rigorous scientific discourse. Empowering the scientific community by bridging gaps between theory, research, and practice. Our mission is to contribute to healthier societies by disseminating impactful research that informs policy, improves healthcare delivery, and enhances nutritional practices worldwide. Join us in shaping the future of health and nutrition.
publisher: Wah Academia (SMC-PVT) Ltd
language: en
publication name: Wah Academia Journal of Health and Nutrition
issn: 3080-3950
copyright: Copyright and Licensing Publication is open access Creative Commons Attribution License - CC BY- 4.0 Copyrights: The author retains unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights
items: Evaluation of RNA Interference (RNAi)-Based Biotechnological Strategies for the Control of Tomato Leaf Curl Disease Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Whitefly) in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants
items: Antimicrobial Efficacy of Honey’s Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids: Implications for Wound Healing and Pharmaceutical Development
items: https://wajhn.com/index.php/journal/article/view/69
items: Cure of PMOS with Intervention of Physical Exercise
items: Database-sourced Virulence Factor Comparison between strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
items: CRISPR-Cas13 for HIV-1 RNA Targeting: Advances, Challenges, and NGS-Driven Insights
items: Influence of Parenting Styles on The Behavioral Outcomes of Generation Z
items: Community-Based Antenatal Care Quality Assessment: Evidence from Lady Health Workers and Midwives in in Tehsil Kharian and Kunjah, District Gujrat, Pakistan
items: Evaluation of Essential Newborn Care Practices among Mothers in Community and Health Facility Settings in Tehsil Kharian District Gujrat, Pakistan
items: Awareness of Food and Drug Interactions Among Staff Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore
items: Calcitonin as a Clinical Biomarker: Unmet Diagnostic needs and Biosensor-based Solutions
items: Medicinal Plants, Environmental Contaminants, and Biomedical Innovations: A Multidisciplinary Review of Natural Products in Health and Disease Management
items: Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Study of 21-Year-Old Pakistani female
items: Determination of Formaldehyde and Methanol Contents in Canned Food and Drinks Samples: Application of Headspace Gas Chromatography and Industrial Reliance
items: A review of the analysis of the effects of nanoparticle morphology on intracellular drug delivery
items: Optimizing Adult Health: Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Selected Physical Fitness Components in Young Male Adults
items: Diyabete Karşı Kahvenin Koruyucu Potansiyeli: Güncel Bir Yaklaşım
items: Modulating the Hemato-Biochemical Profile and Growth Efficiency of Post-Weaning Rabbits via Clausena anisata Essential Oil Supplementation
items: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and the Biology of Aging Mechanisms of Decline and Therapeutic Restoration
items: Fenolik Bileşiklerin Ekolojik Rolü Ve Bitkilerin Biyolojik Aktivitesine Katkisi
items: mRNA-Based Viral Vaccines: Revolutionizing Prophylaxis through Biotechnological Innovations and Virological Insights
items: Iklim Değişikliğinin Toprak Içeriği Ve Ürün Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri
items: Disruption of the Blood–CSF Barrier in Tuberculous and Non-Tuberculous Meningitis: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Impact
items: The Intratumoral Microbiota in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms, Microbial–Androgen Crosstalk, and Urinary Exfoliative Signatures for Liquid Biopsy Development
items: Assessment of Awareness and Utilization of Rehabilitation Services among Persons with Physical Disabilities in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan
items: Antibiogram Studies of Biofilm Forming Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Mastitis Cases in Bovines
items: Review of The Status of Skin Cancer in Pakistan And South Asia During Hot Weather – Is Climate Change Contributing?
items: Ecological rehabilitation within the framework of the “One Health” concept
items: Evaluation of Zinc and Iron deficiency in Children up to 12 years
items: Holistic Psychology: A New Paradigm for Integrating Consciousness, Culture, and Ecology in the Human Sciences

Evaluation of RNA Interference (RNAi)-Based Biotechnological Strategies for the Control of Tomato Leaf Curl Disease Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Whitefly) in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants
type: item
description: Bemisia tabaci whiteflies are the carrier of Tomato Leaf Curl Disease (ToLCD), which is a major issue for tomato production worldwide and seems to recur. In this study, we examined the potential efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) biotechnology in treating ToLCD in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). One hundred tomato plants were divided equally into control and RNAi-treated groups using a fully randomized method. Double-stranded RNA was sprayed on the skin to target the viral Rep gene as part of the RNA interference strategy. Following the plants' exposure to viruliferous whiteflies, a number of factors were monitored, including the number of whiteflies, the severity of the disease, the height of the plants, the leaf curl score, the viral load, and the yield per plant. The RNAi plants exhibited clear reductions in the number of whiteflies (approximately 53.3%), disease severity (57.5%), leaf curl score (from 4.46 to 1.84), and viral load (about 54.1%) as compared to the controls. In the meantime, the plants themselves appeared to grow bigger; their height went from 24.96 cm to 36.34 cm, and their output per plant increased by almost 90.5%, which is a significant gain. The differences were highly significant (p < 0.001) in each of these contrasts. Additionally, a Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship (r = -0.908) between viral load and yield. Even though the specifics still need to be worked out, RNAi appears to be a highly promising and possibly more sustainable route for controlling ToLCD in tomatoes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: RNAi
  topic: keywords
subject: Tomato Leaf Curl Virus
  topic: keywords
subject: Whitefly
  topic: keywords
subject: Biotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant Pathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic Engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Faizan Sajid
creator: Faiqa Shakeel
creator: Sanabil Sohail
creator: Ayesha Jahangir
creator: Asadullah
creator: Khansa Liaquat
creator: Muhammad Umer Farooq Ashraf
creator: Sanam Nawaz
creator: Raheela Imam
creator: Amina Tariq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Faizan Sajid, Faiqa Shakeel, Sanabil Sohail, Ayesha Jahangir, Asadullah, Khansa Liaquat, Muhammad Umer Farooq Ashraf, Sanam Nawaz, Raheela Imam, Amina Tariq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 135
ending page: 140
doi: 10.63954/2cjgw339

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Honey’s Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids: Implications for Wound Healing and Pharmaceutical Development
type: item
description: The antimicrobial nature of honey has been appreciated for thousands of years; however, the molecular mechanism through which its function is only now being unraveled. This article discusses the importance of flavonoids and phenolic acids in terms of their contribution to the anti-microbial nature of honey. Various flavonoids, such as quercetin, kaempferol, chrysin, and galangin, along with phenolic acids like caffeic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid, use a combination of various modes of actions in order to act upon pathogenic microorganisms. Their mode of action includes disruption of bacterial cell membrane, interference with nucleic acid synthesis, protein denaturation, inhibition of quorum sensing, elimination of established biofilm and induction of oxidative stress. The antimicrobial activity extends to various species of both Gram-positive pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans. Additionally, phenolic acids are capable of modulating inflammatory response and have proangiogenic effects as well as stimulate collagen deposition, enhancing the process of tissue repair. The rise of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has once again led to a resurgence in research on honey as a possible source of new medicines. There is clinical proof that honey-based treatments work well for burns, diabetic ulcers, and post-operative infections. However, there are many hurdles, such as the inconsistent composition of honey, lack of standardization, poor bioavailability, and legal concerns that are now impeding the development of drugs. Possible areas of exploration in the future could be extraction of bioactive ingredients, chemical modification to increase potency, use of nanoparticles for delivery, and inclusion in antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: flavonoids and phenolic acids
  topic: keywords
subject: quercetin
  topic: keywords
subject: kaempferol
  topic: keywords
subject: chrysin
  topic: keywords
subject: galangin
  topic: keywords
creator: Faiqa Shakeel
creator: Ihsan Ali Rind
creator: Zara Ijaz
creator: Mahnoor Dua Kotwal
creator: Sanam Nawaz
creator: Maria
creator: Hiba Noor
creator: Syeda Rubab Toqeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Faiqa Shakeel, Ihsan Ali Rind, Zara Ijaz, Mahnoor Dua Kotwal, Sanam Nawaz, Maria, Hiba Noor, Syeda Rubab Toqeer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 119
ending page: 134
doi: 10.63954/tfnn0d05

https://wajhn.com/index.php/journal/article/view/69
type: item
title: Proposing cost-effective alternatives of eggshell and pine cone to perlite for to use in hydroponic farming of iceberg lettuce: Evaluations under modified conditions for vegetative responses and antioxidant efficiency
description: When considered within the context of resource efficiency in horticulture, perlite can be considered as tasking due to its extraction procedure and energy footprint despite its prominence as inert support medium for soilless lettuce production. We assessed whether two locally available organic residues, ground eggshell and shredded pine cone, can replace perlite in iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) deep water culture. To conduct a factorial assessment, a commercial control nutrient solution coupled with three different support media were combined with nine modified solutions of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% above the baseline for each modified solution. After 60 days, root length, leaf number, leaf length, marketable head weight, dry matter ratio, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity were recorded. Substrate did not significantly affect any vegetative trait when averaged across nutrient treatments (p > 0.05). In perlite, +5% and +10% potassium and +10% calcium reduced root length compared with the control (p < 0.05). Marketable head weight ranged from 325 to 440 g; the highest values were obtained on pine cone at +15% potassium. Dry matter ratio peaked at 4.2% under the same combination. DPPH EC50 lay between 18.97 and 59.72 μg mL−1, with the strongest antioxidant capacity in the control solution on perlite. Eggshell and pine cone produced outcomes statistically indistinguishable from perlite, suggesting that both materials are credible alternatives for low-input for plant hydroponic culturing systems. Perlit, topraksız marul üretiminde baskın inert destek ortamıdır, ancak çıkarılması ve enerji ayak izi, kaynak bilincine sahip bahçeciliğin hedefleriyle pek bağdaşmamaktadır. Yerel olarak temin edilebilen iki organik kalıntı olan öğütülmüş yumurta kabuğu ve kalın öğütülmüş çam kozalağının, marul (Lactuca sativa L.) bitkisinin hydroponic su kültüründe perlitin yerini alıp alamayacağı bu çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir. Faktöriy…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: soilless culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Lactuca sativa
  topic: keywords
subject: Topraksız tarım
  topic: keywords
subject: yetiştiricilik besi ortamları
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehmet Hakan Güzel
creator: Sevgi Durna Daştan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mehmet Hakan Güzel, Sevgi Durna Daştan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 113
ending page: 118
doi: 10.63954/eqj7a780

Cure of PMOS with Intervention of Physical Exercise
type: item
description: PMOS is a complicated endocrinopathy that affects mutually the breakdown and reproductive systems of women of reproductive age. The occurrence series is from 6.1 to 19.9%, depending on the analytic criteria utilized. Around 80% of women who know about anovulatory infertility are affected by PMOS, which causes multiple stages of disruption to the reproductive axis. According to the evidence, lifestyle changes must be the primary route of treatment for people with PMOS. Numerous lessons have looked at the effect of exercise treatments on reproductive purpose, with results showing that exercise improves menstruation and/or ovulation frequency. The processes through which exercise improves reproductive purpose are underpinned by increased insulin sensitivity. A collection of metabolic abnormalities that are CVD risk factors is present in PMOS. Exercise is helpful, and this is beyond dispute.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: polycystic ovary syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: workout
  topic: keywords
subject: routine alteration
  topic: keywords
subject: load
  topic: keywords
subject: insulin conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Razaq
creator: Shahab Ud Din Chohan
creator: Sumbal Rani
creator: Khansa Ahmed
creator: Danial Hassan Adil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Razaq, Shahab Ud Din Chohan, Sumbal Rani, Khansa Ahmed, Danial Hassan Adil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 108
ending page: 112
doi: 10.63954/4wgns597

Database-sourced Virulence Factor Comparison between strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
type: item
description: According to the predictions of the World Health Organization, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were two of the most prominent pathogenic bacteria responsible for increasing emergence of sexually transmitted infections. These two bacteria were repeatedly reported as the most serious challenges in public health problems. Both bacteria have similar infection sites and clinical synopses, and reported for co-infections, despite the fact of being from distinct phyla and having distinct life-cycles. Extensive research revealed diverse array of virulence factors for these bacteria, and each of them having different classes of virulence factors appropriate for its life-cycle and survival. In this research curated strains of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae present in the Virulence Factor Database of the National Institute of Pathogen Biology in China were used for proteome-based intra-genera comparison, which revealed virulence factor class distinctness between the two species. Comparisons were revealed strain uniformity in C. trachomatis but strain variation in N. gonorrhoeae along with pronounced genetic complexity in N. gonorrhoeae virulance factors. However, obtained results revealed absences of related genes for virulance factors in C. trachomatis despite the presence of coding sequences in strains, and absences of coding sequences in N. gonorrhoeae FA 1090 strain. Results also revealed limited amount of virulence factor classes for C. trachomatis contrary to extensive literature reports and multigenic factors in certain virulence factors in N. gonorrhoeae strains due to the presence of multiple coding sequences. Overall, this research was revealed potential targets for further genomics research and emphasized the need of embracing multi-omics approaches in clinical microbiology studies. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'nün tahminlerine göre, Chlamydia trachomatis ve Neisseria gonorrhoeae, cinsel yolla bulaşan enfeksiyonların artan yaygınlığından sorumlu en önemli p…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chlamydia trachomatis
  topic: keywords
subject: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Virulence Factors,
  topic: keywords
creator: İnanç Baral
creator: Şeyda Kaya
creator: Özlem Ablak
creator: Mustafa Murat Öztürk
creator: Sevgi Durna Daştan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 İnanç Baral, Şeyda Kaya, Özlem Ablak, Mustafa Murat Öztürk, Sevgi Durna Daştan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 99
ending page: 107
doi: 10.63954/js89rz19

CRISPR-Cas13 for HIV-1 RNA Targeting: Advances, Challenges, and NGS-Driven Insights
type: item
description: The main obstacle to eliminating HIV-1 from the body exists because HIV-1 latent reservoirs continue to survive despite antiretroviral treatments which successfully manage HIV-1 infection. The DNA-editing method CRISPR-Cas9 faces hazards of unintended DNA changes but scientists developed CRISPR-Cas13 as a synthetic RNA-targeting nuclease that destroys viral RNA without affecting host DNA. The review presents recent scientific developments in Cas13-based HIV-1 control while showing how directing treatment at viral RNA transcripts produces better treatment results than direct treatment of proviral DNA. We study how Cas13 orthologs including Cas13a, Cas13b, Cas13d, and the compact Cas13X operate at the molecular level while we analyze their RNase activities which create potential safety risks for medical treatment. The existence of several major obstacles still needs resolution because the system experiences problems with delivering treatments to tissue reservoirs and the virus develops escape mutations and the system deals with unintentionally destroying RNA and the body responds to Cas proteins which come from bacteria. Next-generation sequencing has become an essential method which researchers use to determine target effectiveness while they track how mutations develop and study the impacts of various RNA sequences on gene expression. We proposed that the implementation of NGS-enabled personalized Cas13 treatment, which uses patient proviral sequencing to create crRNA designs and monitor post-treatment results, provides a practical solution to achieve successful clinical implementation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HIV-1
  topic: keywords
subject: RNA
  topic: keywords
subject: antiretroviral treatments
  topic: keywords
subject: RNase activities
  topic: keywords
subject: CRISPR-Cas13
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Ashraf
creator: Abdul Sami Dahri
creator: Muhammad Sohail Ashraf
creator: Nafeesa Kainat
creator: Muhammad Haseeb
creator: Iqra Kiran
creator: Eman Zaineb
creator: Amna Noor
creator: Rafia Imran
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Ashraf, Abdul Sami Dahri, Muhammad Sohail Ashraf, Nafeesa Kainat, Muhammad Haseeb, Iqra Kiran, Eman Zaineb, Amna Noor, Rafia Imran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 88
ending page: 98
doi: 10.63954/5x2qk663

Influence of Parenting Styles on The Behavioral Outcomes of Generation Z
type: item
description: Introduction: Two different parenting styles- authoritarian and permissive- were investigated in this study to determine how they influenced Generation Z’s behavioral patterns. In contrast to earlier generations Generation Z (born 1997-2012) are digital natives whose distinctive developmental trajectory is shaped by social media and technology. Despite the extensive studies on parenting, it is vital to comprehend how conventional parenting approaches mix with the contemporary digital environment to affect the behaviors of Generation Z in Pakistan. Objectives: Finding out how permissive and authoritarian parenting styles affected the behavioral outcomes (aggressive vs. self-confidence) of Generation Z students at Lahore Universities was the main goal. Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 383 University students between ages of 20 and 24 participated. Pre-structured validated questionnaires measuring parenting styles and behavioral outcomes were used to interview participants. The method of non-probability purposive sampling was applied. Chi-Square tests were used to examine data using SPSS version 24 in order to identify correlations. Results: Total 383 responses were analyzed. 209(54.5%) of the participants said their parents were authoritarians, whereas 174 (45.4%) said their parents were permissive. Of those with authoritarian parents, just 59 (27.7%) shown great self-confidence, whereas 151 (72.2%) behaved aggressively. On the other hand, 85 (48.8%) of those with permissive parents showed sign of aggression, while 89 (51.1%) were self-assured. With a p-value <0.05 and a chi-square value of 21.980, there is a statistically significant correlation between parenting styles and behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: The results show that parenting styles have a significant impact on generation Z’s behavioral development. Aggressive behavior and low self-esteem are closely linked to authoritarian parenting indicating that the autonomy that digital natives cher…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parenting styles
  topic: keywords
subject: authoritarian parenting
  topic: keywords
subject: permissive parenting
  topic: keywords
subject: Generation Z
  topic: keywords
subject: behavioral outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Tayyaba Masood
creator: Dr. Sania Hamid
creator: Rimsha Akram
creator: Aisha Saddiqa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Tayyaba Masood, Dr. Sania Hamid, Rimsha Akram, Aisha Saddiqa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 74
ending page: 87
doi: 10.63954/9t1mc390

Community-Based Antenatal Care Quality Assessment: Evidence from Lady Health Workers and Midwives in in Tehsil Kharian and Kunjah, District Gujrat, Pakistan
type: item
description: Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is essential for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes through early detection and management of pregnancy-related complications. Despite progress, Pakistan continues to face a high maternal mortality ratio of approximately 155 per 100,000 live births, with preventable causes such as eclampsia, infections, and hemorrhage contributing significantly. Frontline providers, including Lady Health Workers (LHWs) and Community Midwives (CMWs), play a pivotal role in delivering quality ANC services at the community level. This study aimed to assess the quality of ANC services provided by LHWs and CMWs in Tehsil Kharian, District Gujrat. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 144 participants, including LHWs and CMWs. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire through systematic random sampling. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential analysis using the Chi-square test were applied to determine associations between variables. Results: Of the 144 participants, 110 (76.4%) were LHWs and 34 (23.6%) were CMWs. Only 29% of LHWs and 32.3% of CMWs had received reproductive health training. Approximately 60% reported inadequate facilities, and 56.6% were unable to provide standard ANC services. Supervised health workers demonstrated significantly better skills and performed more ANC procedures compared to unsupervised workers (p = 0.03). No statistically significant association was found between service quality and demographic variables (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Significant gaps exist in training, supervision, and resource availability among LHWs and CMWs. Strengthening capacity-building programs, supportive supervision, and infrastructure is essential to improve the quality of ANC services and maternal health outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antenatal Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality of Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Lady Health Workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Midwives
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruksana Kousar
creator: Atta Ur Rehman
creator: Anum Sadiqa
creator: Laiba Javed
creator: Nida Amjad
creator: Fouzia Zafar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ruksana Kousar, Atta Ur Rehman, Anum Sadiqa, Laiba Javed, Nida Amjad, Fouzia Zafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 67
ending page: 73
doi: 10.63954/a1gtjj54

Evaluation of Essential Newborn Care Practices among Mothers in Community and Health Facility Settings in Tehsil Kharian District Gujrat, Pakistan
type: item
description: Introduction: Neonatal mortality remains a critical public health challenge in low-resource settings such as Tehsil Kharian, Pakistan. Understanding maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding neonatal care is essential for improving newborn outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to assess maternal KAP related to neonatal care among mothers of newborns in households and healthcare facilities in Tehsil Kharian. Materials and Methods: A community-based, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 10th January to 10th May 2022. Mothers of newborns aged 5 days to 3 months were enrolled after providing written informed consent. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-validated structured questionnaire in the local language. The questionnaire captured sociodemographic information, antenatal care (ANC) history, and KAP on thermal regulation, umbilical cord hygiene, breastfeeding, immunization, eye care, and recognition of neonatal danger signs. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 26.0. Results: A total of 380 mothers participated (mean age 25.63 ± 3.45 years); 50% had college-level education, and 67.4% had household incomes up to PKR 40,000. Overall knowledge was moderate, with 50% aware of proper breastfeeding and cord care practices, but only 19.5% knew to initiate breastfeeding within minutes of delivery. Harmful practices included using previously used blades for cord cutting (61.8%) and giving pre-lacteal feeds (43.9%). Only 30.3% of mothers attended ANC visits, and 65.8% believed vaccines were harmful. Conclusion: Significant gaps in maternal KAP exist in Tehsil Kharian, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions and community-based programs to promote evidence-based neonatal care and reduce neonatal mortality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neonatal care
  topic: keywords
subject: maternal knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: immunization
  topic: keywords
creator: Fouzia Zafar
creator: Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman
creator: Anum Sadiqa
creator: Laiba Javed
creator: Sajal Javed
creator: Ruksana Kousar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fouzia Zafar, Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman, Anum Sadiqa, Laiba Javed, Sajal Javed, Ruksana Kousar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 60
ending page: 66
doi: 10.63954/n6d5sb97

Awareness of Food and Drug Interactions Among Staff Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore
type: item
description: Background: Food–drug interactions (FDIs) significantly influence drug effectiveness and patient safety by altering drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, or excretion, potentially resulting in therapeutic failure or adverse drug reactions. Nurses, as primary medication administrators, must possess adequate knowledge of FDIs to ensure safe and effective patient care. Objective: To assess the level of awareness regarding food–drug interactions among staff nurses working in a clinical setting. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. A total of 115 registered nurses were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising demographic variables and knowledge-related items on FDIs, including general awareness, drug–drug interactions, and timing of drug administration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The findings showed that 68% of nurses had moderate awareness, 12% demonstrated good awareness, and 20% had poor knowledge of FDIs. The mean awareness score was 17.68 ± 2.98, with a mean percentage score of 57.05%. No significant association was found between awareness level and demographic variables such as education and professional experience. Conclusion: Most nurses demonstrated only moderate awareness of food–drug interactions, with notable knowledge gaps in drug-specific interactions and timing of administration. Targeted educational interventions are recommended to enhance nurses’ knowledge and promote safer, evidence-based medication practices, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing adverse effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food–drug
  topic: keywords
subject: interactions
  topic: keywords
subject: Staff Nurses
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic failure
  topic: keywords
creator: Anas Ali
creator: Hina Arshad
creator: Sameer Ibrahim
creator: Joshua Atif
creator: Danyal Clement
creator: Ilyas Saleem
creator: Suleman Shahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anas Ali, Hina Arshad, Sameer Ibrahim, Joshua Atif, Danyal Clement, Ilyas Saleem, Suleman Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 56
ending page: 59
doi: 10.63954/kqvvgn36

Calcitonin as a Clinical Biomarker: Unmet Diagnostic needs and Biosensor-based Solutions
type: item
description: A key biomarker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), calcitonin (CTN), is a peptide hormone released by thyroid parafollicular C-cells. It facilitates early identification, prognostic evaluation, and post-treatment recurrence monitoring. In nodular thyroid disease, elevated serum CT levels of 60–100 pg/ml are more suggestive of MTC or C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) than imaging or fine-needle aspiration alone. Nevertheless, there are still unmet diagnostic needs, such as false positives from non-thyroidal conditions, difficulties in pediatric populations, and the rise of calcitonin-negative MTC (CNMTC), in which up to 5–10% of cases have normal CTN levels that confuse detection, requiring the use of alternative markers such as procalcitonin (PCT), or progastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP). Despite their dependability, traditional immunoassays have drawbacks such as costly, time-consuming procedures and matrix interferences in complicated biofluids. By using nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, and quantum dots for ultrasensitive, real-time CTN detection at picogram levels, biosensor-based systems provide viable substitutes. By improving specificity by molecular imprinting or antibody immobilization, electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors allow point-of-care applications in serum or saliva with little sample preparation. This mini review outlines diagnostic gaps, summarizes the most recent data on CTN's therapeutic efficacy, and investigates biosensor advances as alternative instruments for individualized MTC therapy. With the ultimate goal of reducing MTC mortality by proactive screening, next avenues include wearable sensors for ongoing monitoring and clinical validation to bridge bench-to-bedside translation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomarker
  topic: keywords
subject: Biosensor
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcitonin
  topic: keywords
creator: Doniyor Qurbonov
creator: Behruz Аkbarov
creator: Latofat Sunakbayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Doniyor Qurbonov, Behruz Аkbarov, Latofat Sunakbayeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 52
ending page: 55
doi: 10.63954/j1z9kg84

Medicinal Plants, Environmental Contaminants, and Biomedical Innovations: A Multidisciplinary Review of Natural Products in Health and Disease Management
type: item
description: Medicinal plants have been fundamental to human healthcare for millennia, serving as the primary source of therapeutic agents across diverse cultures. However, the simultaneous presence of environmental contaminants, particularly heavy metals, in these plants poses significant health risks that cannot be overlooked. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from over 50 studies to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, the challenges posed by heavy metal contamination, and the emerging role of nanotechnology and phytoremediation in addressing these challenges. Key medicinal plants including Cichorium intybus, Ziziphora persica, Lavandula angustifolia, and Catharanthus roseus are examined for their pharmacological properties, with particular attention to anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The review critically evaluates the sources and health implications of heavy metal contamination in medicinal plants and food products, drawing on case studies from Northern Iran. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches including Nano-formulations for enhanced drug delivery and phytoremediation strategies for soil decontamination. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern biotechnological tools presents unprecedented opportunities for sustainable healthcare and environmental management. This review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions for maximizing the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants while ensuring their safety and sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medicinal plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Heavy metals
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytoremediation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnopharmacology
  topic: keywords
creator: Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani
creator: Sahebe Hajipour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani, Sahebe Hajipour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 40
ending page: 51
doi: 10.63954/dwdsmg79

Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Study of 21-Year-Old Pakistani female
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a mode of treatment for a patient presenting with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The therapeutic procedure began with initial history intake and baseline assessments. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and WHODAS 2.0 (12 Item) was administered to record baseline symptoms severity (BAI=29, moderate anxiety) and (WHODAS 2.0=20, moderate functional impairment) prior to therapy and were re-administered following successful termination of therapy. The therapeutic modality employed in this case was Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, an evidence-based approach for treating GAD. The therapeutic procedure lasted 12 sessions, which aimed at psychoeducation, addressing maladaptive thoughts, cognitive restructuring, and the development of healthy adaptive coping strategies. Results showed significant reduction in anxiety symptoms and improvement in functional difficulties (Post termination BAI=16, mild anxiety; WHODAS 2.0= 12, mild functional impairment). This study highlights the importance of CBT as an effective intervention for anxiety- related disorders in young adult Pakistani population particularly in academic settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Impairment
  topic: keywords
creator: Syeda Dua-e-Zahra Naqvi
creator: Fiza Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Dua-e-Zahra Naqvi, Fiza Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 39
doi: 10.63954/7sesxz18

Determination of Formaldehyde and Methanol Contents in Canned Food and Drinks Samples: Application of Headspace Gas Chromatography and Industrial Reliance
type: item
description: This study presents a headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for the simultaneous determination of formaldehyde and methanol in canned food and drinks samples, such as pickle, fresh meat or stored fruit juices etc. The method was based on the reaction between formaldehyde and sodium borohydride in a concentrated potassium carbonate solution, in which formaldehyde was quantitatively converted to methanol and determined by HS-GC. By measuring the methanol content in the sample before and after the reaction with borohydride, both methanol and formaldehyde contents can be determined. By spiking a given amount of isopropanol in the tested sample solution, the uncertainty in above two separate measurements by HS-GC can be significantly reduced when using isopropanol signal as a reference in the internal standard calibration. Results showed that the present method had a good accuracy (with a recovery ranging from 94 – 103 %). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method is 0.835 mmol/kg. This method is straightforward, reliable, and suitable for the high-throughput monitoring of these common water pollutants, offering a valuable tool for environmental quality control and pollution assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Canned food
  topic: keywords
subject: Formaldehyde
  topic: keywords
subject: Methanol
  topic: keywords
subject: Drinks Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Internal standard
  topic: keywords
subject: Headspace GC
  topic: keywords
creator: Supriyo Acharya
creator: Dr. Asima Ghosh Bhanja
creator: Dr. Rajiv Narula
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Supriyo Acharya, Dr. Asima Ghosh Bhanja, Dr. Rajiv Narula (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 29
ending page: 35
doi: 10.63954/m29pwn76

A review of the analysis of the effects of nanoparticle morphology on intracellular drug delivery
type: item
description: Nanoparticles have been used as promising carriers for targeted and controlled drug delivery by researchers due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as size, surface charge, and especially shape. Among these parameters, the shape of nanoparticles has attracted increasing attention because it significantly affects their interactions with biological barriers, including blood vessels, cell membranes, and extracellular matrix. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the effects of nanoparticle shape on drug delivery efficiency and to classify related articles based on clinical and experimental findings. A comprehensive review was conducted on 30 scientific articles, from which 22 studies published between 2010 and 2025 were selected that directly investigated the role of particle shape in drug delivery systems. While spherical nanoparticles have received the most attention, recent evidence suggests that rod-shaped, disc-like, and elongated structures may provide increased circulation time, improved tumor penetration, and more controlled drug release profiles. The findings suggest that precise engineering of nanoparticle morphology, along with size variations, is crucial for optimizing drug delivery performance. Overall, controlling the shape of nanoparticles offers a powerful strategy for improving therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of cancer and other complex diseases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohsen Mehregan
creator: Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani
creator: Sahebe Hajipour
creator: Samra Mededovic
creator: Zeliha Selamoglu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohsen Mehregan, Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani, Sahebe Hajipour, Samra Mededovic, Zeliha Selamoglu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 24
ending page: 28
doi: 10.63954/n6sgfk93

Optimizing Adult Health: Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Selected Physical Fitness Components in Young Male Adults
type: item
description: The present study investigates the impact of a structured aerobic exercise program on cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and body mass index (BMI) among young male adults aged 18–25 years. A total of forty participants were selected through simple random sampling and equally divided into an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The experimental group underwent a six-week aerobic exercise intervention, consisting of walking, slow running, running, cycling and dancing performed six days per week with progressive duration and intensity. Cardiovascular endurance was assessed using a standard step test, flexibility was measured via the Sit & Reach test and BMI was calculated using height and weight measurements. Pre and post-tests were conducted for both groups and data were analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests at a 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance and flexibility among participants in the experimental group, whereas BMI remained statistically unchanged. The control group showed no significant changes in any variable, confirming the effectiveness of structured aerobic exercise in enhancing specific physical fitness components. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise is an effective intervention for improving cardiovascular health and flexibility among young adults. However, short-term aerobic training alone may not significantly affect BMI, highlighting the need for longer duration interventions combined with dietary and lifestyle modifications. The study provides valuable insights for physical education instructors, coaches and adults seeking evidence-based methods to enhance health and functional fitness through aerobic training.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aerobic exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular endurance
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Body mass index
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical fitness
  topic: keywords
subject: young adults and Health promotion
  topic: keywords
creator: Kuldeep Kumar
creator: Dr. Aarif Majeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kuldeep Kumar, Dr. Aarif Majeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 23
doi: 10.63954/x9rcta40

Diyabete Karşı Kahvenin Koruyucu Potansiyeli: Güncel Bir Yaklaşım
type: item
description: Dünyada su tüketiminden sonra en çok tüketilen ikinci içecek unvanını haklı olarak elinde bulunduran kahve, uzun zamandır sağlık alanındaki araştırmacılar tarafından çalışılan önemli bir araştırma konusu olmuştur. Kahve; kafein ve trigonellin gibi alkaloidler, fenolik asitler, kafestol gibi diterpenler, lignanlar ve flavonoidler gibi çeşitli biyo-aktif bileşikler içerir. Kahvede bulunan biyo-aktif bir bileşik olan kafestol, insan kas hücrelerinde glikoz alımını ve glikoz uyarılı insülin salgısını arttırabilir. Tip 2 diyabet hastaları, beslenme yoluyla alınan glikozu enerjiye dönüştürmeye yardımcı hormon olan insüline karşı direnç geliştirirler. Kahvede bulunan kafestol ve kafeik asit gibi iki bileşiğin, tip 2 diyabeti önleme ve hastalıklara karşı koruma ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Günümüzde, bazı çalışmalarda kafestolün diyabete karşı korunmada katkıda bulunduğu gösterilmiştir. Araştırmacılar, bu bilginin hastalıkları önlemek ve tedavi etmek için yeni ilaçlar geliştirmeye yardımcı olabileceğini öne sürmektedirler. Zaman içinde yapılan daha büyük ve daha uzun takip sürelerine sahip çalışmalar sonucunda, kahvenin insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri konusundaki düşüncelerde de önemli değişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Coffee, which justifiably holds the distinction of being the second most consumed beverage in the world after water, has long attracted the attention of researchers in the field of health sciences. It contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids such as caffeine and trigonelline, phenolic acids, diterpenes such as cafestol, as well as lignans and flavonoids. Cafestol, one of the bioactive components of coffee, has been shown to enhance glucose uptake in human muscle cells and stimulate glucose-induced insulin secretion. Individuals with type 2 diabetes develop resistance to insulin, the hormone responsible for facilitating the conversion of dietary glucose into energy. Two compounds present in coffee, cafestol and caffeic acid, have been associate…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diyabet
  topic: keywords
subject: Kahve
  topic: keywords
subject: Kafeik asit
  topic: keywords
subject: Kafestol
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeliha Selamoğlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zeliha Selamoğlu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 16
ending page: 18
doi: 10.63954/8rx6mb04

Modulating the Hemato-Biochemical Profile and Growth Efficiency of Post-Weaning Rabbits via Clausena anisata Essential Oil Supplementation
type: item
description: This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of feeding weaner rabbits on diet supplemented with Clausena anisate essential oil at different levels. Forty clinically healthy weaned male rabbits about 5 to 6 month of age, with an average initial weight of 720.0 ± 0.71 kg were randomly divided into four dietary groups with ten replicates each The dietary treatments were: (A) basal diet without Clausena anisate oil; (B) basal diet supplemented with 0.3 mL Clausena anisate oil per kg DM feed daily; (C) basal diet supplemented with 0.6 mL Clausena anisate oil per kg DM feed daily; (D) basal diet supplemented with 0.9 mL Clausena anisate oil per kg DM feed daily in a completely randomized design for a duration of 60 days. Feed was provided ad libitum, and clean water was available at all times. Result obtained revealed that Clausena anisate oil increased (p<0.05) body weight gain, feed consumption as well as feed conversion ratio. High Clausena anisate oil treatment increased the concentration of pack cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocytes and monocytes. Clausena anisate oil supplementation decreased (p<0.05) low density lipoprotein concentration and increase total protein, albumin, globulin, high density lipoprotein except urea, creatinine, alanine amino transferase and alanine amino transaminase (p>0.05). It was concluded that the supplementation of Clausena anisate essential oil up to 0.9 mL per kg DM daily improved weight gain, feed consumption and blood constituents of weaner rabbits without causing any deleterious effect on their health status.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clausena anisate oil
  topic: keywords
subject: growth
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial
  topic: keywords
subject: haematology
  topic: keywords
subject: serum
  topic: keywords
subject: rabbits
  topic: keywords
creator: Alagbe, Olujimi John
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alagbe, Olujimi John (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 15
doi: 10.63954/gk883d19

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and the Biology of Aging Mechanisms of Decline and Therapeutic Restoration
type: item
description: The inexorable process of aging is underpinned by a cascade of molecular deficits that erode cellular homeostasis and organismal function. A pivotal molecule within this cascade is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a fundamental redox cofactor in energy metabolism and an essential substrate for signaling enzymes such as the sirtuin family of deacylases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). This review synthesizes current evidence establishing the age-related decline in NAD⁺ bioavailability as a key driver of aging phenotypes and evaluates strategies for its therapeutic restoration. We detail the mechanisms of depletion, emphasizing heightened consumption by CD38 and PARP1 amid chronic inflammation and genomic stress. The review critically analyzes three principal intervention paradigms: supplementation with NAD⁺ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN); lifestyle modalities including caloric restriction and exercise; and pharmacological inhibition of NAD⁺-catabolizing enzymes. Compelling preclinical data demonstrate that these approaches can rejuvenate mitochondrial function, improve metabolic health, and extend health span. Early human trials confirm precursor safety and bioavailability, indicating benefits for vascular and metabolic parameters. However, significant translational gaps remain, including questions of long-term safety, optimal dosing, tissue-specific delivery, and potential pro-tumorigenic effects in certain contexts. We conclude that NAD⁺ repletion constitutes a potent, mechanism-based axis for aging intervention, yet its definitive clinical integration mandates rigorous long-term studies to transform robust biological insight into effective human therapeutics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aging
  topic: keywords
subject: Health span
  topic: keywords
subject: NAD⁺ metabolism
  topic: keywords
subject: Nicotinamide riboside Sirtuins
  topic: keywords
creator: Nady Braidy
creator: Muhammad Yasir Naeem
creator: Anila Khan
creator: Zeliha Selamoglu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nady Braidy, Muhammad Yasir Naeem, Anila Khan, Zeliha Selamoglu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 05
ending page: 10
doi: 10.63954/xmxsnj14

Fenolik Bileşiklerin Ekolojik Rolü Ve Bitkilerin Biyolojik Aktivitesine Katkisi
type: item
description: Bu makalede, fenolik bileşiklerin bitkilerdeki ekolojik önemi ve biyolojik aktiviteleri, bitkilerin ikincil metabolitlerinin ana gruplarından biri olarak ele alınmıştır. Fenolik bileşiklerin temel sınıfları, bitkilerin savunma mekanizmalarındaki rolleri ve biyotik ve abiyotik streslere adaptasyondaki işlevleri analiz edilmiştir. Fenolik bileşiklerin antioksidan özellikler gösterdiği, serbest radikalleri nötralize edebildiği, metal iyonlarını şelatlayabildiği ve enzimatik aktiviteleri düzenleyebildiği gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, fenolik bileşiklerin yapı ve işlevleri arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya çıkarılmasına ve pratik uygulama potansiyelinin artırılmasına yönelik gelecekteki araştırmaların umut verici olduğu belirtilmiştir. This study examines the ecological significance and biological activities of phenolic compounds in plants, considering them as one of the principal groups of plant secondary metabolites. The main classes of phenolic compounds, their roles in plant defense mechanisms, and their functions in adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses are analyzed. Phenolic compounds are shown to possess antioxidant properties, enabling them to neutralize free radicals, chelate metal ions, and regulate enzymatic activities. Furthermore, future research aimed at elucidating the relationships between the structural characteristics and functional properties of phenolic compounds is considered promising for enhancing their potential for practical applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biyolojik aktivite
  topic: keywords
subject: ikincil metabolitler
  topic: keywords
subject: bitkiler
  topic: keywords
subject: fenolik bileşikler
  topic: keywords
subject: flavonoidler
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilara Sunakbaeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dilara Sunakbaeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 04
doi: 10.63954/tsy13s26

mRNA-Based Viral Vaccines: Revolutionizing Prophylaxis through Biotechnological Innovations and Virological Insights
type: item
description: The post-genomic and post-pandemic era has brought about a paradigm shift in the realm of vaccinology, which has triggered a transition from empirical whole-pathogen strategies to rational information-driven molecular design. The sudden and spectacular rise of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines is a disruptive prophylactic technology, whose efficacy has been unequivocally proven on a global platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. The unprecedented success of mRNA vaccines is a direct result of the strategic convergence of synthetic biology, structural virology, and immunoengineering. As a form of programmable biological software, mRNA vaccines provide a precise set of genetic instructions for the in vivo production of antigens, thereby inducing a coordinated humoral and cellular immune response. The review article will cover the multi-disciplinary underpinnings of the technology, its translation from bench to global platform, and the future frontiers that will be enabled by the strategic integration of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, which will firmly establish mRNA vaccinology as a cornerstone of 21st-century medicine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mRNA vaccines
  topic: keywords
subject: viral immunoprophylaxis
  topic: keywords
subject: lipid nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Abbas
creator: Faiqa Shakeel
creator: Romisa Sattar
creator: Amna Noor
creator: Sidra Riaz
creator: Kanwal Saeed
creator: Muhammad Salman
creator: Muhammad Sanish Arif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Abbas, Faiqa Shakeel, Romisa Sattar, Amna Noor, Sidra Riaz, Kanwal Saeed, Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Sanish Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 52
ending page: 59
doi: 10.63954/an4sq431

Iklim Değişikliğinin Toprak Içeriği Ve Ürün Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri
type: item
description: Bu makalede, iklim değişikliğinin Kazakistan’daki toprak koşulları ve tarımsal ürün kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Sıcaklık artışı, yağış rejimindeki değişimler ve aşırı hava olayları gibi iklimsel faktörlerin, toprakların kimyasal bileşimi, fiziksel özellikleri ve biyolojik aktivitesi üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, toprak bozulması, humus içeriğinin azalması ve tuz birikiminin, ürün verimi ile tarımsal ürünlerin besin değerleri üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yarattığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, iklim değişikliğinin tahıl, sebze ve kavun-karpuz gibi kültür bitkilerinde birim ürün kütlesinin, protein, vitamin ve mikro element içeriklerinin azalmasına neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuraklığa dayanıklı çeşitlerin kullanımı, organik gübrelerin uygulanması, agro-ormanlaştırma önlemleri, sulama optimizasyonu ve toprak durumunun izlenmesi gibi adaptasyon stratejileri tartışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, toprak kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir yönetimi ve iklim değişikliği koşullarında tarımın dayanıklılığının artırılması için bütüncül yaklaşımların önemini vurgulamaktadır. This article examines the effects of climate change on soil conditions and agricultural product quality in Kazakhstan. The impacts of climatic factors such as rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events on the chemical composition, physical properties, and biological activity of soils are analyzed. The research findings reveal that soil degradation, a decline in humus content, and salt accumulation have negative effects on crop yield and the nutritional value of agricultural products. Furthermore, climate change has been found to cause reductions in unit crop mass as well as in the protein, vitamin, and micronutrient contents of cereal, vegetable, and melon–watermelon crops. Adaptation strategies such as the use of drought-resistant varieties, application of organic fertilizers, agroforestry measures, optimization of irrigation, a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: İklim değişikliği
  topic: keywords
subject: toprak bozulması
  topic: keywords
subject: humus
  topic: keywords
subject: ürün verimliliği
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilara K. Sunakbaeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dilara K. Sunakbaeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 47
ending page: 51
doi: 10.63954/hcn79284

Disruption of the Blood–CSF Barrier in Tuberculous and Non-Tuberculous Meningitis: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Clinical Impact
type: item
description: The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is an important interface in the central nervous system (CNS), controlling immune surveillance, waste removal, and pathogen invasion. Breakdown of the BCSFB is a characteristic of meningitis, such as tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and non-tuberculous meningitis (non-TBM), due to bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infection. This review examines the physiology and function of the BCSFB, its contribution to CNS homeostasis, and the mechanisms with which neurotropic pathogens violate the barrier to cause meningitis. We explain the differential pathophysiological profiles of TBM, including granulomatous inflammation, and non-TBM, having purulent or lymphocytic reactions, and their corresponding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles. Diagnostic issues are discussed, pointing out novel biomarker-based methods, like CSF metabolomics, to distinguish TBM from non-TBM. Clinical implication of the disruption of BCSFB, such as neuroinflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and elevated mortality, is assessed, stressing the necessity for more effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in order to reduce the global burden of meningitis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: BCSFB
  topic: keywords
subject: tuberculous meningitis
  topic: keywords
subject: non-tuberculous meningitis
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Ehsan
creator: Muhammad Faizan
creator: Ahram Hussain
creator: Ahmad Ashraf
creator: Sameen Gull
creator: Emaan Khurshid
creator: Rahim Ud Din
creator: Musa Ibrar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ehsan, Muhammad Faizan, Ahram Hussain, Ahmad Ashraf, Sameen Gull, Emaan Khurshid, Rahim Ud Din, Musa Ibrar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 41
ending page: 46
doi: 10.63954/67v24t98

The Intratumoral Microbiota in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms, Microbial–Androgen Crosstalk, and Urinary Exfoliative Signatures for Liquid Biopsy Development
type: item
description: Prostate cancer [PCa] is the second most prevalent malignancy diagnosed in men worldwide, constituting a considerable public health challenge due to the inadequacies of existing diagnostic methods focused on prostate-specific antigen [PSA] testing, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and invasive biopsy. The recent paradigm shift towards viewing solid tumors as complex ecosystems has revealed the intratumoral microbiota, a community of bacteria, viruses, and fungi residing within the tumor microenvironment [TME] as a crucial regulator of carcinogenesis. The origin, spatial dynamics, and mechanistic functions of the prostate intratumoral microbiota are summarized in this thorough review. We present "The Prostate Microbial Triad," a novel conceptual framework that describes the co-evolutionary interaction of microbes, resident immune cells, and malignant epithelium. We explore particular mechanisms such as microbial reprogramming of tumor immunology and metabolism, the proposed "Microbial–Androgen Crosstalk Model" specific to PCa, and microbe-induced genomic instability. In order to create reliable liquid biopsies, we suggest a translational pipeline that connects tumor-resident microbes to urine signals through the "Microbial-Extracellular Vesicle [EV] Pathway," and we support multi-omics integration [metagenomics, metabolomics, and spatial transcriptomics] driven by machine learning. Decoding and utilizing the prostate intratumoral microbiome, according to this review, is a frontier with unmatched potential to transform PCa diagnostics by enabling accurate, non-invasive detection and risk stratification.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prostate Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Intratumoral Microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor Microenvironment
  topic: keywords
subject: Urinary Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Liquid Biopsy
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Faizan
creator: Ahram Hussain
creator: Ahmad Ashraf
creator: Mutahar A Tunio
creator: Abdul Ahad Mehboob
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faizan, Ahram Hussain, Ahmad Ashraf, Mutahar A Tunio, Abdul Ahad Mehboob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 85
ending page: 94
doi: 10.63954/373g0373

Assessment of Awareness and Utilization of Rehabilitation Services among Persons with Physical Disabilities in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan
type: item
description: Background: Disability remains a major public health concern globally and disproportionately affects individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and economic productivity. Persons with physical disabilities (PWPDs) often experience barriers in accessing preventive and rehabilitation services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness regarding disability and to evaluate the frequency of utilization of rehabilitation services among PWPDs attending a tertiary care rehabilitation facility in Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Artificial Limb Centre, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January to March 2024. A total of 238 PWPDs aged 19–45 years were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes toward disability, and utilization of rehabilitation services. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations between awareness levels and service utilization were assessed using the Chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Results: Among the respondents, 61.3% were male and 38.7% were female. Most participants demonstrated awareness regarding the consequences and prevention of disability; however, knowledge about available rehabilitation programs was comparatively limited. Positive attitudes toward disability were observed at individual and family levels, with self-reliance reported by a majority of participants. Regular utilization of rehabilitation services was significantly associated with higher awareness levels (p < 0.05). Key barriers to utilization included affordability, limited accessibility, and inadequate availability of rehabilitation services. Conclusion: Although PWPDs showed reasonable awareness regarding disability and its prevention, gaps persist in knowledge and u…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation services
  topic: keywords
subject: Utilization
  topic: keywords
creator: Shazia Asif
creator: Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman
creator: Dr. Ali Asif Rana
creator: Fatima Asif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shazia Asif, Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman, Dr. Ali Asif Rana, Fatima Asif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 82
ending page: 84
doi: 10.63954/4hr41y84

Antibiogram Studies of Biofilm Forming Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Mastitis Cases in Bovines
type: item
description: Mastitis is a common disease of dairy cattle. It is characterized by pathological changes in udder and bacteriological changes in milk, making it unfit for human consumption. In veterinary medicine, antibiotic treatment of mastitis has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To combat the treatment challenge of mastitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria, antibiogram profiling of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was done to select effective antibiotics against these bacteria. In this research, samples containing milk and puss were collected from affected quarter of udder of cattle and screening of mastitis was performed by using Surf field mastitis test. Samples tested positive for mastitis were used for culturing of bacteria. E. coli and P. aeruginosa were isolated and identified by using selective media and biochemical tests, respectively. The biofilm formation capacity of E. coli and P. aeruginosa was determined by performing biofilm assay. Both E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited varied biofilm-formation capacities. E. coli isolates were classified as strong biofilm-formers (12%), moderate biofilm-formers (50%) and weak biofilm formers (38%). Furthermore, 20% of P. aeruginosa isolates were classified as strong biofilm-formers, 40% as moderate biofilm-formers and 40% as weak biofilm-formers Antibiogram of isolated bacteria was determined using disc diffusion test. Overall, E. coli isolates showed resistance to all the tested antibiotics except meropenem. P. aeruginosa isolates were found resistant to enrofloxacin, linezolid, cefixime and chloramphenicol, and susceptible to meropenem, vancomycin and azithromycin. These results suggest that meropenem could be an effective antibiotic against mastitis infections caused by E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, vancomycin and azithromycin could be used to treat mastitis infection caused by P. aeruginosa. These results indicate a dire need for the development of alternative therapeutic …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mastitis
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiogram
  topic: keywords
subject: E. coli
  topic: keywords
subject: P. aeruginosa
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Iman Mustafa
creator: Maryam Fatima
creator: Faiqa Tabassum
creator: Asfa Naeem
creator: Muhammad Asad Ali
creator: Muhammad Faizan
creator: Ahram Hussain
creator: Muhammad Ashraf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Mustafa, Maryam Fatima, Faiqa Tabassum, Asfa Naeem, Muhammad Asad Ali, Muhammad Faizan, Ahram Hussain, Muhammad Ashraf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 71
ending page: 81
doi: 10.63954/tjh13010

Review of The Status of Skin Cancer in Pakistan And South Asia During Hot Weather – Is Climate Change Contributing?
type: item
description: Skin cancer is a growing public health concern in Pakistan, however, lack of cancer registry at national level makes availability of data scarce. Few regional reports from Karachi and Lahore have noted increase in its incidence. Skin cancers vary in pathophysiology and epidemiology as well as their possible causative factors. This perspective attempted to highlight a link between skin cancer and climate change. The main purpose was to give an overview and examine the existing literature on skin cancers in Pakistan and South Asia in this context. The available evidence on skin cancers from 2001 to 2025 was reviewed for finding these answers. The articles on skin cancers and its various sub-types like basal cell carcinoma, melanomas, and squamous cell carcinomas were retrieved from online databases sources like PubMed central, Google Scholar and Medline. The prevalence of skin cancers varies in different global regions with high proportions of 30 to 40% in US, Australia and European populations with melanoma being the most common of these cancers. Contrary to these high proportions, in South Asian region and Pakistan the prevalence of skin cancer varies between 2 to 4% with SCC and BCC being the most frequent types. Pakistan faces multiple climate related challenges; heatwaves, floods, and burden of infectious diseases. There are multifaceted links among skin cancer and climate change. The increased ultraviolet radiation exposure due to warm temperatures and longer day duration during summers, especially, as many people in rural and lower-income communities, work in agricultural and outdoor occupations. The longer day during summer encourage prolonged activities, thus, more sun exposure. There are biological effects as heat itself may amplify cancer-causing effects of UV rays. Another key issue is air pollution which can weaken skin protection barriers and exacerbate UV radiation. This multifaceted complex issue requires a multifaceted approach as solutions including …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Exposure, epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: skin cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: global warming
  topic: keywords
subject: South Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: UV rays
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Tayyaba Masood
creator: Dr. Antonio Gerbase
creator: Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Tayyaba Masood, Dr. Antonio Gerbase, Prof Dr Atta Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 64
ending page: 70
doi: 10.63954/4yr53a41

Ecological rehabilitation within the framework of the “One Health” concept
type: item
description: The article explores modern approaches to ecological rehabilitation of ecosystems within the framework of the “One Health” concept, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature that unites human, animal, and environmental health. Innovative methods for restoring degraded areas are analyzed, including biotechnological practices for soil and species regeneration, as well as digital technologies for biodiversity monitoring using AI. Special attention is given to the role of biodiversity as a restorative resource and a key factor of ecosystem resilience. The paper examines real-world examples of ecosystem restoration projects that integrate One Health principles — from landscape rehabilitation to the reduction of zoonotic risks. It discusses how such initiatives contribute not only to strengthening ecosystem functions (water regulation, soil stabilization, population recovery) but also to improving public health and reducing environmental threats. The conclusions emphasize the necessity of a systemic, holistic approach combining scientific methods, government programs, community participation, and technological innovation. Such an approach ensures the long-term sustainability of ecosystem services, food systems, and health on a global scale — making One Health an effective tool for ecological rehabilitation in an era of growing global challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: One Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecological rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecosystems
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable natural resource management
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil restoration
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Sunakbaeva D.Kh.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sunakbaeva D.Kh. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 59
ending page: 63
doi: 10.63954/ec946e59

Evaluation of Zinc and Iron deficiency in Children up to 12 years
type: item
description: This cross-sectional observational study assessed the frequency of iron and zinc deficits in 100 children at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan, who were between the ages of three and twelve. Serum iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum zinc, plasma zinc, and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) were among the anthropometric and biochemical characteristics measured. Significant micronutrient deficits were found in the children: 25% had hemoglobin levels suggestive of iron-deficiency anemia, 16% had low ferritin, and 20% had low serum iron. Additionally, common was zinc deficiency, which affected 30% of people based on serum zinc levels and 35% based on plasma zinc levels. A dietary analysis revealed inadequate intake of protein sources, fruits, and vegetables. The results show that this pediatric group has a significant burden of zinc and iron deficiencies, highlighting the need for focused nutritional treatments, public health initiatives, and increased dietary diversity to address these deficiencies and enhance health outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Zinc deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Malnutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Micronutrients
  topic: keywords
subject: Anaemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Dietary assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahab Ud Din Chohan
creator: Marwa Wasif
creator: Abdul Razaq
creator: Sawaira Batool
creator: Sanam Nawaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahab Ud Din Chohan, Marwa Wasif, Abdul Razaq, Sawaira Batool, Sanam Nawaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 40
ending page: 58
doi: 10.63954/pcevzh62

Holistic Psychology: A New Paradigm for Integrating Consciousness, Culture, and Ecology in the Human Sciences
type: item
description: Contemporary psychology stands at a turning point. During the past century, its subfields—Clinical, Behavioural, Cognitive, Neuroscientific, and Social—have expanded rapidly, yet the discipline itself has become fragmented. Each school illuminates a segment of experience while the indivisible person, who thinks, feels, and acts as one, remains conceptually divided among them. Holistic Psychology emerges as a doctrinal response to this crisis of separation, proposing a unified science grounded in the principle that reality is relational and that awareness is a formative, not derivative, property of life. This paper establishes Holistic Psychology as a new paradigm that integrates consciousness, culture, and ecology within a single ontological framework. It revisits the philosophical foundations of psychology through four converging traditions: phenomenology’s return to lived experience, systems theory’s vision of self-organizing wholes, process philosophy’s dynamic view of interrelated events, and the contemplative psychologies of Asia that study awareness through disciplined observation. From this synthesis arise three first axioms—indivisibility of the person, interdependence as universal law, and analysis as servant of synthesis—which together redefine both knowledge and care as complementary movements of understanding. By linking contemporary research in neuroscience, ecological psychology, and cultural studies with timeless contemplative insight, Holistic Psychology constructs a coherent framework for studying well-being as harmony rather than mere adjustment. It seeks to restore unity between data and meaning, science and ethics, method and compassion. The doctrine thus inaugurates a scientific humanism fit for the complexity of the twenty-first century—a psychology not of fragments but of wholeness, relation, and renewal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clinical, Behavioural
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroscientific
  topic: keywords
subject: Social
  topic: keywords
subject: Holistic Psychology
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Anoop Poomadam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Anoop Poomadam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 30
ending page: 39
doi: 10.63954/r39yxz18